Cada cultura procura e adopta a solução que mais se adequa a si, de certo modo, que se adequa à programação mental dos seus detentores.
Como diz Geert Hofstede (em Culturas e Organizações, edições sílabo), “…instaurar apenas eleições não modifica os costumes políticos de uma país, quando estes costumes estão profundamente enraizados na programação mental da maioria da população.”
O mesmo se passa em todos os outros domínios de actividade bem como nas ideologias e sistemas filosóficos, autóctones, dominantes.
Assim, segundo a minha opinião, já seria bom (e realizável) se conseguíssemos fazer evoluir o sistema educativo para algo de intermédio entre o actual sistema educativo (estatizado e, monolítico e ultra regulamentado) e o sistema anglo-saxónico ou do norte da Europa. Por outro lado, penso que a nossa concepção educativa (paternalista) não é totalmente isenta de aspectos positivos – espero não ser, exclusivamente, a minha “programação mental” a ditar esta opinião!
Contudo, nem isso é fácil.
Após o 25 de Abril, as relações professor – aluno passaram de “relações de dependência” para “relações de contra – dependência”. As aulas tornaram-se “impossíveis”, segundo muitos professores!
As “relações com a autoridade” manifestam o mesmo tipo de transformação. Se antes do 25 de Abril, a relação com a autoridade era de forte dependência (ultra respeito, medo, etc.), depois passou para uma relação de tipo oposto; aonde inclusive a preocupação à “protecção” dos direitos do réu se tornou muito mais relevante que a protecção aos direitos da vitima!
No fundo, quer num caso como noutro, o carácter das “relações” manteve-se idêntico (dependência e contra – dependência), antes e depois do 25 de Abril!
O mesmo se passou quanto à forma como o sistema político evoluiu em Portugal; tenha sido, ou não, resultado de uma Revolução.
Portugal, historicamente, sempre se estruturou segundo sistemas políticos autocrático - autoritários e autocrático - paternalistas. O Estado sempre foi encarado como o Pai; as lutas contra o Poder do Estado sempre se sintetizaram na tentativa da busca de um “Pai paternalista” (e mais competente) e não numa não - autocracia.
Quer o fascismo (de Salazar) como a democracia, pós 25 de Abril, não mudaram significativamente essa tradicional forma de estruturação e funcionamento da sociedade portuguesa.
A eleição de alguns órgãos de soberania por parte dos cidadãos, por si só, não transfere para estes o poder (e a correspondente capacidade de intervenção na sociedade) e muito menos impede que os “eleitos” governem, afinal, na base dos mesmos princípios autocráticos e, mais ou menos, paternalistas. A tradicional “burocracia portuguesa”, que interfere em quase todos os aspectos da vida dos cidadãos, acentua ainda mais o seu carácter autocrático.
Aliás, eu chego a pensar que as elites políticas portuguesas (e seus “teóricos”), o máximo de “transformação revolucionária” que conseguem a admitir (e compreender) é a substituição de um Poder autocrático autoritário por um Poder autocrático paternalista. Diria que: confundem democracia com paternalismo.
Ainda esta semana o “Courrier Internacional” faz referência à “compra” do povo alemão pelo “Estado – Providência Hitleriano”.
Aliás o Estado – Providência constitui o chamariz preferido dos demagogos e conta com o forte (e tradicional) apoio de múltiplas Corporações autóctones; politicas, económicas, profissionais, etc., e que vêem nessa intervenção estatal a condição para a preservação de “valores”, ditos nacionais, e dos seus interesses.
Geert Hofstede diria que os respectivos povos foram “comprados” por essas ideias porque a sua programação mental, enquanto formas de pensar estabelecidas pela respectiva cultura, já são favoráveis a essa forma de concepção e organização social.
Eu diria que a “história” forjou essa programação mental nos líderes e nos súbditos e o melhor, que uns e outros, se imaginam fazer é evoluírem “dentro” dessa sua cultura.
Note-se que a origem do Estado - Providência dos países do norte da Europa tem raízes (profundas) num tipo de cultura bastante distinta da portuguesa, porque marcada por relações dominantes de interdependência (não, de dependência) e de cooperação (não, de corporações).
Isso marca uma diferença essencial entre o carácter dos Estados providência do norte da Europa e outros Estados Providência europeus (e até do resto do mundo), no qual os Índices de Distância Hierárquica são elevados.
Enquanto que nos Países do Norte da Europa, a “Cooperação” exige uma forte participação e igualdade dos cidadãos (amplo exercício da cidadania); nos outros países, a “Corporação” exige precisamente o inverso: a condução das sociedades pelos lideres, mais ou menos organizados em corporações e a subalternização da intervenção dos cidadãos, enquanto tal, na sociedade.
Neste quadro, equacionar a evolução do actual sistema educativo português para um sistema “mais aberto”, do tipo anglo-saxónico, exigiria que se encarasse o exercício da cidadania de forma diferente do que se faz em Portugal.
Para tal seria essencial assumir-se, de facto, que a componente mais essencial da “democracia” (e a mãe das suas virtudes) é o respeito e a salvaguarda do exercício da cidadania pelos cidadãos e não a autocracia - paternalista.
Por aí se deve iniciar a re - concepção do sistema educativo.
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